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Economy and Finance

Economy and Finance

What is meant by EPC, BOT and HAM Contracts in PPP?

30 Sep 2023 Zinkpot 238
  • EPC, HAM, and BOT are three common types of contracts used in Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) for infrastructure and development projects. Each of these contracts represents a different approach to how the responsibilities, risks, and rewards are allocated between the public sector and the private sector in a PPP arrangement.
  • EPC (Engineering, Procurement, and Construction) Contract: In an EPC contract, the private sector partner (often a construction or engineering company) is responsible for designing, procuring, and constructing the infrastructure project.
  • The public sector typically provides the financing for the project and may also own the infrastructure asset once it's completed.
  • The private sector partner is primarily responsible for delivering the project on time and within budget, and they are typically paid a fixed fee for their services.
  • The private sector partner may bear some construction-related risks, such as cost overruns and delays, but the overall risk profile is relatively low compared to other PPP contract types.
  • BOT (Build-Operate-Transfer) Contract: In a BOT contract, the private sector partner is responsible for designing, financing, building, operating, and maintaining the infrastructure project.
  • The private sector partner typically operates and maintains the asset for a specified concession period, during which they are allowed to collect revenue from users, often through user fees or tariffs.
  • At the end of the concession period, ownership of the infrastructure asset is transferred back to the public sector.
  • BOT contracts are characterized by a significant transfer of risk to the private sector partner, as they are responsible for both the construction and long-term operation of the asset and must generate revenue to recoup their investment.
  • The choice of contract type in a PPP depends on various factors, including the nature of the project, the availability of funding, the willingness to transfer risk, and the specific goals of the public sector authority. Each of these contract types has its advantages and disadvantages, and the selection should be based on a careful assessment of project requirements and objectives. 
  • HAM (Hybrid Annuity Model) Contract: HAM is a specific type of PPP contract used in the transportation sector, particularly for road and highway projects.
  • In a HAM contract, the private sector partner is responsible for both the construction and the operation and maintenance (O&M) of the infrastructure project for a specified concession period.
  • The public sector provides a portion of the project cost as an upfront grant (the "annuity") to the private sector partner. The remainder is typically funded by the private sector partner through debt and equity.
  • The private sector partner receives periodic annuity payments from the government over the concession period.
  • The risk-sharing in HAM contracts is more balanced compared to EPC contracts, with both parties sharing the construction, operation, and revenue risks.
  • It is an amalgamation of BOT and EPC Contract.

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